THE EMERGENCE OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (U.S.A) AS A NEW CAPITALIST SUPER POWER
At the beginning United States of America (U.S.A) was a British colony whichgained her independence on1776 after the six yearsof war with British soldiers but from 20thC which United States of America (U.S.A) began to rise as a big leading capitalist inthe world.
FACTOR FOR RISE OF U.S.A AS A LEADING SUPER POWER
NOTE: - The emergence of United States of America (USA) as a super leading power took place after WWI of 1914 – 1918, however from the end of WWIIU.S.A become a leading capitalist power while British superiority declined completely due to the following reasons:-
1. United States of America (U.S.A) did not directly involve in both world wars of 1914 - 1918, 1939 – 1945.
Due to the outbreak of world wars; United States of America (U.S.A) gained a lot and these gave United States of America (U.S.A) to build her economy and industries without any disturbance for many years because no war fought inUnited States of America (U.S.A) soil hence no destruction was ever experienced onUnited States of America (U.S.A) soil.
For example no destruction of factories, banks, infrastructure, agricultural and trade but also during the war United States of America (U.S.A) supplied war equipments such as war clothes and money to opposition sides, this led United States of America (U.S.A) to get prosperity and wealth also United States of America (U.S.A) provided employment even to women all these enabled United States of America (U.S.A) to build her economy and emerged as a super capitalist leading nation.
2. Extension / provision of United States of America (U.S.A) Marshal plan to war affected European nations.
All European nations which was affected by the war was helped by U.S.A under the Marshal plan as an economic recovery program to all affected European nations therefore the Marshal plan gave a lot of United States of America (U.S.A) dollars approximately to 22 billion United States of America (U.S.A) dollars to Western European countries in term of grants and loans but alsoUnited States of America (U.S.A) provided goods; in return all of these nationswereto pay back with interest.
Likewise under the Marshal Plan United States of America (U.S.A) persuaded the European colonial masters to decolonize her colonies through “United States of America (U.S.A) open door policy” as a conditions for European nation to get Marshal plan, this policy intended to make United States of America (U.S.A) to get Areas in colonies for her to invest, to get market, raw materials and to get cheap labor under the new United States of America (U.S.A) colonialism, all these enabled United States of America (U.S.A) to raise as a leading super power.
3. Maintenance of United States of America (U.S.A) Isolation Policy. This policy made United States of America (U.S.A) to stay away from European wars, political conflicts and quarrels this intended to make United States of America (U.S.A) to concentrate on her domestic affairs.
The policy which started from 1796 by President George Washington and in 1823 by Monroe Doctrine declared Europe to stay out of United States of America (U.S.A), this for a long time enabled United States of America(U.S.A) to concentrate on building her own economy domestically forexample, building strong industries, infrastructure, agricultural period but also the policy European power to depend on America for their economic development hence United States of America (U.S.A) with isolation policy managed to rise as a strong capitalist nation is the world.
4. The fall of British Super Powerless.
This gave a room for United States of America (U.S.A) to harvest super profit for her development; after the collapse of British hegemony United States of America (U.S.A) exploited the former British colony by using the back door whereby those former colonies of British were turned on a place for United States of America (U.S.A) to invest, get market for manufactured goods, cheap labor without any competition hence the profit from those former British colonies enabled United States of America (U.S.A) to rise as the leading super power economically.
5. The collapse of Communism in the former United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR).
In early 1990’s gave a room for United States of America (U.S.A) to rise as a super power in the world. This was because United Soviet Socialist Republic(USSR) United States of America (U.S.A) and United States of America (U.S.A) existed as enemy countries with the cold war politics due to different ideologiesthat was capitalism and socialism but after the collapse of communalism informer United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) witnessed many communist follower in different part of the world abandoned socialism and following capitalism in their nations, this gave a chance for United States of America (U.S.A) to dominate in the world hence United States of America (U.S.A) role as a leading super power.
6. The Formation of Multinational Cooperation and Financial Institution like International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB).
Majority of these multinational co operations based on United States of America (U.S.A) therefore they have to implement all investment of United States of America (U.S.A) in different parts of the world because these multinational cooperations, military organization that is Northern Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO) are sponsored by the United States of America (U.S.A) to implement thepolicy of United States of America (U.S.A).
Therefore many nations have to welcome these multinational cooperation and financial institution because of weak economic base hence U.S.A rose as a leading capitalist power.
7. Different nature of United States of America (U.S.A) Population. United States of America (U.S.A) had different people from different origin and different back ground in different part of the world including Jews, French, British, Africans, Arabs and Chinese; these people have different knowledge of technologies and science hence they helped United States of America (U.S.A) to build her own economy example Majority of these are technicians, technologist, scientist and others have invested in big industries and big farm which all these helper United States of America (U.S.A) to rise as a leading super power in the world.
8. The Capital Obtained from British after Independence.
British industries, banks, plantation, infrastructure etc, after the American was taken by United States of America (U.S.A) to become a good beginning of United States of America (U.S.A) to become rich so the wealth of British was used domestically in America and after the Second World War (WWII) United States of America (U.S.A) become the leading super power in the world.
9. Slave Trade.
United States of America (U.S.A) was the major beneficiaries in horrible trade human trafficking whereby this slave trade helped United States of America (U.S.A) to become leading capitalist nations due to slaves supplied cheap labor in plantations, mines industries invested in America, slaves produced a lot of raw materials for industries established in America.
Slaves involved in construction and development parts, harbors, infrastructures and slaves acted as the source of market in United States of America (U.S.A), all these enabled United States of America (U.S.A) to rise asthe leading super power in the world.
REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF EUROPEAN CAPITALISM
1. European powers were active participants in first and Second World War (1914 -1918, 1939-1945).
The wars left the European economy was serious catastrophe. The imperialist nationincluded Britain, German, France and Belgium.
2. The Western European imperialist states were battle field. That means the war was fought on the land field.
That means the war was fought on the land of European nationstherefore therewas masskillings of the people and destruction of properties
3. The Emergence of Post Second World War (Cold War).
Left the European states highly in debted particullary by the United States of America (U.S.A) billion dollars were given to Britain from 1941 to the end of the Second World War in 1945. Through the land lease act of 1941, caugress authorized the safe exchange or lease of arms and other equipmentsto Britain.
4. The Great Depression of 1929-1933.
Before this Britain had suffered a number of depression such as economic depression of 1837/38 and 1873/1950.Which weakend her economy. Therefore, the Great depression of 1929-33, Re European Economy in serious catastropher example In France the Great depression arrived later and last longer than any where in the western world.
On the older land United States of America (U.S.A) despite thefact that she was badly affected the implemented immediate measured to solve the problem by imposing New deal policy.
5. The Decline of Colonial System after the Second World War (WWII). In 1945 Africa there were the rise of mass Nationalism and also at the same time in Asia many colonies started to demand independence example Britishlost India (1947), Pakistan (1948) and Burma (1948) also had invested much in the colonies like Canada, Australia India and Newzeland. So the independence of these colonies meant that Britain has to loseher market and invest.
6. Too Many Colonies.
So it was burden to them according to the United States of America (U.S.A) policy example, Portugal had Angola, Mozambique, GuineaBissau e.t.c.
IMPACTS OF DECLINE OF EUROPEAN CAPITALISM
1. The rise of United States of America (U.S.A) as a super power of the world. This is due to the fact that United States of America (U.S.A) was not active participating in first and Second World War.
2. Decolonization of African countries due to fail of colonial officers to run their colonies.
3. Spread of democracy in the world. Many African countries introduceliberal democracy with multipartism
4. Introduction of new policies in third world countries such as structural adjustment program (SAP)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (U.S.A) ECONOMIC PROGRAM TO EUROPE (MARSHALL PLAN) - 1947
Marshall Plan was European economic recovery programmed proposed by George C. Marshall (The secretary of the state in 1947 with the aim of helping(aiding) the war affected (ruined) European nationsto revive their economics.
OR
This was an American plan to spread dollar imperialism by providing economic assistance to revive the economies of the European who was affected by the war.
Origin
The plan was drafted in June 1947 by George C. Marshall who called it a policy of cooperative European revive that was the European economic recovery program.
OBJECTIVE OF MARSHALL PLAN
1. The Plan Needed to Reconstruct the Devastated (Affected) European Economy.
The Plan needed to reconstruct the devastated (affected) European economybecause the war demonized industries, farms, transport, schools, banks, hospitals, Miner , trader etc.
2. The American needed to Strengthen her Markets for her Manufactured Goods Abroad because at Home.
United States of America (U.S.A) was facing over production crisis and she needed a place to dump her manufactured goods and capital.
3. Helped European Economies With The Intention Of Making European Nations.
The plan helped European economies with the intention of making European nations not to follow under communism or socialism.
4. The Plan aimed to Retail the Western European Country.
The plan aimed to retail the Western European country as a health tradingparticular withU.S.A in the capitalist world.
TERMS / CONDITION OF THE PLAN
1. United States of America (U.S.A) gave/provided a lot of money and Manufactured Goods to Western European Nations in terms of Grants.
United States of America (U.S.A) gave/provided a lot of money approximately more than 22 US billion dollars to western European nations in terms of grants and loans, also United States of America (U.S.A) provide and manufactured goods with the intention of reviving European economies in return Western, European countries world pay back the debts on agreed period of time withinterest.
2. The European Colonial Masters were persuaded to decolonize their Colonies.
This was a part and parcel as a condition to get loans and grant otherwise they would not get the loanfrom United States of America (U.S.A).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MARSHALL PLAN / LOAN
1. The Plan Consolidated United States of America (U.S.A) economic domination over Europe.
This made us to strengthen her imperialism with all her multinational co-operations, financial institution and military organization in Europe.
2. United States of America (U.S.A) was able to rescue war affected Economy of Western Europe.
This was whereby Western countries were able to rehabilitate their economies. In this plan United States of America (U.S.A) with her open door policy towardsinvestment and trading activitiesin free zones abroad becomepractical.
The plan managed to make the colonialist to change their way of exploiting the colonies due to the fact that through this plan US come with another way of exploitation under the Neo – colonialism whereby all the former colonies were exploited by United States of America (U.S.A) under the back door of neo – colonialism.
3. The Plan made United States of America (U.S.A) to start different Military Organizations abroad.
This was in order to safeguard invests in different parts of the world e.g. SEATO, CENTO, OCAS, NATO, OAS, and military bases established in Mombasa Kenya, Kuwait, and Pakistan.
4. The capital from United States of America (U.S.A) to European Nations started to be re-invested in European Nations
This was in order to recover the effect of the war, also others were reinvested in colonies so as to recovery from economic crisis in the metropolitan and to
enable the metropolitan countries to payback the debt to United States of America(U.S.A) hence it increase exploitation in the colonies.
5. The Plan made United States of America (U.S.A) Economic Strength in the World which accelerated her to assume as a Leading.
Position in the capitalist world (superior power) replacing Britain. This led the financial center to move from London to Washington.
6. The plan made United States of America (U.S.A) to start offering not only money but also machinery, technical assistance and raw materials in different parts of the world.
The plan made United States of America (U.S.A) to start offering not only moneybut also machinery, technical assistance and raw materials in different parts ofthe world especially in capitalist nation which all these strengthen the economyof United States of America (U.S.A).
FACTORS LEADING THE GREAT BOOM ON 1920’S IN UNITED STAES OF AMERICA (U.S.A)
During the period of 1919 up to 1924 the economy of United States of America (U.S.A) in comparison to other nations was much stable this is because of the benefits she got during the WWI of 1914 – 1918 hence United States of America (U.S.A) benefited much in the WWI because of thefollowings.
1. United States of America (U.S.A) was not participating full in the First World War (WWI).
This made United States of America (U.S.A) to increase her production becausetherewas no fought in American land.
2. During the war United States of America (U.S.A) was the supplied of food stuffs, war equipment and raw materials to fighting nations.
Being paid a lot of money United States of America (U.S.A) enjoyed a big and good market for fighting nations during war time hence she government a lot of money or interest.
3. During the war United States of America (U.S.A) had half output of the world coal extraction, ¾ of the world steel, 2/5 of the world oil.
By 1920 United States of America (U.S.A) had half output of the world coal extraction,¾ of the world steel,2/5 of the world oil oxidation etc.
These enabled United States of America (U.S.A) to get a lot of money and profit from her selling, this increased the wealth in United States of America (U.S.A) and expanded market for US minerals.
4. From 1924 – 1929 United States of America (U.S.A) Enjoyed Economic Boom.
Because of a lot of elements in the field of manufacturing industries and agricultural industries like Electronic motorbike, film industry, Radio industry and agricultural production also increased which led United States of America (U.S.A) to start looking for markets for her agricultural production in theworld.
From 1920’s –1929 United States of America (U.S.A) economy was much stable and led United States of America (U.S.A) to be known as a period of economic boom.
EFFECTS OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (U.S.A) GREAT BOOM OF 1920’S
From 1920’s – 1933 after United States of America (U.S.A) had enjoyed the economic boom, the following of United States of America (U.S.A) started to face some crisis and was not stable due to economic depression. Economic depression in United States of America (U.S.A) was resulted by the followings:-
1. Over Production of Commodities and Agricultural Production (Raw Materials).
United States of America (U.S.A) continued to produce more and more becauseof the market was not stable due to the impact of the war, hence they fail to get market to absorb all manufactured goods and commodities from United Statesof America (U.S.A). These lead to over productionof rawmaterials and goods.
2. Protectionism Policy.
European nations which were the main markets for United States of America (U.S.A) manufactured goods and raw material started to adopt protectionism policy. In order to protect their industries and their farmers who had started toproduce again by using the loan from United States of America (U.S.A), United States of America (U.S.A) Learned markets in European countries which led United States of America (U.S.A) her economy to undergo depression.
3. The Loss of Market.
United States of America (U.S.A) loss market for her manufactured goods and raw materials due to different reasons including adaptation of protectionism policy for European countries hence over production in United States of America (U.S.A)
4. Unemployment.
Due to occurrence of this United States of America (U.S.A) industries were closed, farmers were not producing in high capacity fearing of over production; traders, business men were not also trade here and there all these led to depressionin economyof United States of America (U.S.A).
5. Close of Financial Institutions.
Financial institution was closed because people who borrowed money from the bank did not pay back as a result of banks to undergo bankrupt.
6. Closure of Industries.
Great depression led to close of industries because industrialist feared loss over period of manufactured goods which had caused lack of market among theindustries hence industries was closed.
THE GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION 1929 – 1933
This is an economic crisis within the capitalist economy which is caused by over production starting from 1929 – 1933.
CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION (G.E.D) OF 1920 – 1933.
1. Existence of high inflations.
2. Mass unemployment due to lack of economic activities.
3. Low purchasingpower among the population because of unemployment. 4. Protectionism policy; whereby different nations adopted various policies
to domestic market protection.
5. It characterized by famine, starvation and hunger hence death of many people.
6. Low production of industrial goods and general fall prices in a long run. 7. Closure of financial institutions i.e. banks and insurance companies.
8. Poor provisional of social services and closure of industries.
CAUSES OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION (G.E.D)
1. Effects of the First World War (WWI) of 1914 – 1918.
This led to the decline of European nation while economy of United States of America (U.S.A) was gain momentum at the end of the war the purchasingpower of European nations declined while production of raw materials and commodities increased. In United States of America (U.S.A) production become non sellable and profitless which accelerated to price fractuation in United States of America (U.S.A)hence this led to Grat Economic Depression (G.E.D) of 1929 – 1933.
2. Over Production and Under Consumption of Finished Manufactured Goods.
United States of America (U.S.A) produced manufactured goods because United States of America (U.S.A) thought that her markets were stable as it was before and during First World War (WWI) example, United States of America (U.S.A) produced more food, zinc, copper, cocoa etc.
This led to the fall of process in United States of America (U.S.A) and European nation were not able to absorb all manufactured goods this led several industries bankrupt and closed, farmers also were not producing more becausethey had no money to run agricultural activities, all these led to profit less among the formers and industrialist hence the Great Economic depression (G.E.D) in United States of America (U.S.A)
3. Socialist Revolution of 1917.
Russia introduced the socialist revolution after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 whereby began to spread different parts of the world, this led imperialist nations to lose markets to those socialist nations, hence over production of raw materials and manufactured goods in USA and the fall prices which led to the occurrence of Grat Economic Depression (G.E.D).
4. The Effect of Protectionist Policy.
Immediately after the First World War (WWI) United States of America (U.S.A)was economically stable which helped other European countries to revive their own economies, however the European countries used the loans from United States of America (U.S.A) to restrict their industries and stabilize the economy & at the same time European nations initiated protectionist policy todefend their industries and agricultural production, this led United States of America (U.S.A) to lose market in European nations.
This was generally increased agricultural productions and industrial productions in U.S.A leading to overproduction, profitless among the farmers and industrialist hence the Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) in United States of America (U.S.A).
5. The Collapse of the New York exchange in Oct 1929.
Because this had a lot of impacts on United States of America (U.S.A) economy example, the poor people spend their savings to buy few shares while shareswere not sold due to lack of money among the traders and workers. Also stock exchange lost value whereby shares were sold on credits, banks were run bankrupt due to the fact did not return the money because shares were not sold as aresult links was closed.
This led to unemployment to the people worked in industries and financial institutions, also farmers who borrowed money from the banks to buy shares did not returnthe money to banks because shareslost value and were not sold, asa result of farmers to undergo crisis and their farms were taken by bankers due to the failure of paying back the debt hence Great Economic Depression(G.E.D) in United States of America (U.S.A)
EFFECT OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION (G.E.D) WORLD WIDE
1. Industrial Production Dropped Severely.
This is because there was the fall of industrial and agricultural production hence industries and agricultural sector were producing under their capacity.
2. Fall of Process of Raw Materials and Manufactured Goods.
Fall of process of raw materials and manufactured goods which accelerated to propping of agricultural production and commodities.
3. Unemployment.
This waswhere by many workers were sucked or taken away from their work so as to reduce the cost of production.
4. Low Wages and Salaries to those Few Remained Employed.
Many of the workers (laboures) in different and varieous social and economic sectors were totally paid low wages and salaries in order to compasert the lossthat resulted from Great EconomicDepressions (G.E.D.)
5. Fall of International Trade.
This is due to protectionism policy but also accelerated same countries to reduce custom duties in order to attract traders.
6. Currencies Lost their Values.
Money value was totally declined to the many of the countries that were directly affected by the Great Economic Depression (G.E.D), for exampleGermanDutch Mark.
7. Most of the Imperialist Countries started to adopt Protectionism Policy.
Most of the imperialist countries started to adopt protectionism policy in order to protect their domestic market, industries and agricultural sector.
8. The fall of Purchasing Power.
This was because many people had unemployed and countries declined their economy.
9. The rise of Dictatorship in the World especially in Italy, Germany and Japan.
This was where by directors in those nations used the effect of Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) to mobilize people and getto leadership.
10. The Decline of Britain Super Powerless.
Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) finalized almost thedeclineof Britain super powerness.
11. The Reduction of Public Services
It led to reduction of public services in order to reduce the cost of administration.
12. Rise of Dictatorship in Europe specifically German, Italy and Japan. Some of the European Capitalist Countries decided to resort into dictatorial system of ruling as a part and parcel of reveal their superiority complex before other EuropeanCountries.
EFFECT OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESION (G.E.D) IN AFRICA
1. The fall prices of raw materials.
2. Massive unemployment because Africans who were employed in colonial sectors majority of them were sucked because colonialist faced crisis.
3. Low wages paid to few employed people in colonial sectors.
4. It led to intensification of exploitation/high exploitation of Africa resources because the colonialist exploited more the African resources in order to compensate the problem of crisis in their countries.
5. Reduction of social services in the colonies in order to reduce the cost of administration.
6. The increase of taxation in order colonialist to get money from colonies torevive their economy.
7. The fall of purchasing power in the colonies.
8. The rise of prices of manufactured goods in the colonies.
9. Increased the struggle for independence in Africa due to the effects of Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) in the colonies like exploitation.
10. The formation of cooperative unions/societies in order to demand for their rights like high wages, good working condition, high prices for their raw material etc.
EFFECT OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION (G.E.D) IN IMPACT IN U.S.A
1. Farmers Fail to Pay the Rent.
Farmers of medium and small sizes were affected following the fall prices of their raw materials, thus led them to fail to pay the rent they took from the bank hence forced them to sell their land and remain tenants.
2. The Collapse of Finanncial System.
The financial system were also affected which led to the collapse of New York stock exchange and bankrupt of many banks reg. It was estimated that by1932, ½ of the total bank had run bankrupt.
3. Unemployment.
Many Americans were unemployed due to the effects of G.E.D whereby it wasestimated that almost 17 mill of people were jobless in America & in New York alone25 mill were jobless.
4. The Fall Process of Raw Materials.
This caused farmers to reduce quantities productivity e.g. wheat and barley so as to create the scarcity of raw materials.
5. The Decline of Industrial Period.
This led industries to start producing under their capacity fearing over production of manufacturing goods.
WHY RUSSIA WAS NOT AFFECTED BY G.E.D OF 1929 – 1933?
1. Withdrawing of Russia from First World War (WWI) of 1914 –1918. This led Russia to concentrate on production and building her own economyfor so long and stopped Russia to spend more in the war likewise but also Russia did not pay for war damage.
2. Protectionism Policy.
Russia did not import and export goods from any capitalist nation. It avoided the direct contact with capitalist in trading system.
3. Good Leadership of Russia Leaders like Lenin, Joseph Stalin.
The policy of these leaders was to build Russia and use resources available effectively and not depending from the capitalist nation.
4. No over Production of Goods for Competition with the Capitalist.
This enabled Russia to produce goods which could be used by only Russians inorder to build their own economy and not otherwise.
5. The Bolshevik revolution of 1917.
This brought socialism and useful shearing of production, this led Russia to use production for all people inRussia societies and not for the capitalist.
6. Russia had no Colonial Empire.
This avoided Russia to have more over production to spend in the colonies as the capitalist produced hence Russia had to produce for the consumption of all people in Russian society which did not learn to over production of manufactured goods.
THE NEW DEAL POLICY
Refers to the effort/ programs taken by President Franklin Delano Rooseveltto rescue/pull the United States of America (U.S.A) out of Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) of 1929 – 1933 which began in United States of America (U.S.A) after the collapse of New York stock exchange.
Roosevelt who become the president of United States of America (U.S.A) after United States of America (U.S.A) being affected by the Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) he made a lot of efforts to rescue the economy of Uited States of America (U.S.A) out of the Great Economic Depressin (G.E.D), he become the President of United States of America (U.S.A) 4.03, 1932 where he promised as “I pledge myself to the New Deal to American people” this was the first opening speech, Roosevelt was expressing the Americans to be confident with him on solving the problems of Great Economic Depression(G.E.D) by being supported by Americans hencehe said:-
“The only thing we have to fear it fears itself”.
OR
This was an attempt to recognize the capitalist system through registration and other measures taken by Democratic Party led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This combined a series of measures, solution and activities which all intended to rescue the economy of United States of America (U.S.A) from the impact of United States of America (U.S.A).
AIMS /OBJECTIVES OF NEW DEAL
1. To prevent economic hardship that had been brought by Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) to American people.
2. To create employment opportunities to Americans through creating
different projects which could give employment to Americans for exampleit was said that 12 out of 15 had no jobs.
3. To increase and estimated demand of goods but also aimed to control period in order to avoid inflation.
4. To reduce and stop poverty which had spread throughout United States of America (U.S.A) because of the effect of Great Economic Depression(G.E.D) to Americans.
5. To provide relief to the victims of the economic hardship of the Great Economic Depression (G.E.D) for example, providing shelter for homelesspeople, food for starving people.
6. Aimed to bring back confidence of American people like farmers, industrialist, and bankers etc who had lost their home because of the effects of Great Economic Depression (G.E.D).
7. To end financial crisis due to the collapse of banks and due to bankrupt of the bank.
8. Aimed to stimulate economic activities e.g. Agriculture production, business activities, industrial period etc.
MEASURES TAKEN BY ROOSEVELT IN THE NEW DEAL / PROGRAMME
1. Federal Emergence Relief Administration (FED).
This measure began to create jobs through construction of air parts, roads, school, play ground as a result it gavework to jobless, actors and agrarians.
2. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) of 12/05/1933.
This measure aimed at raising the prices of agricultural production by limiting over production; this was accompanied by funds by the tax collector and by the government to compensate the farmers in case of price fluctuation faced the farmers the farmers during the depression.
3. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).
This was passed in 1935 in order to deal with the effects of depression in the new deal. NIRA aimed to enforce law of fair practice for business men and industrialist where it set minimum wage and maximum wagewhich workers.
Workers were suppose to be paid but also NIRA sets primary goals to business companies in order to improve the level of quality of goods but also within NIRAworkersrights were organized and bargain were recognized.
4. The Public Worker Administration (PWA).
This measure aimed at initiating of public workers projects e.g. many public workers were buildings which were provided with money from the government in order to run its activities and this public workers project were supposed to pay low interest to the government for example, There was the building of Tennessee valley authority (T.V.A) in order to control floods and provide electricity in rural areas so as to calm poverty.
5. The Finance Restricting /Banking Relief Act (FR/BRA).
This measure intended to provide loan for bankers to procedure with banking activities.
6. The Labour Standard Act Passed (LSA) in 1938.
This was intended to provide employment to the people but also setting the minimum wage of US dollar cent 25 per hour and maximum working hours is44 hours per week.
But also there should be extra pay for a time exceeding evolving hours but also in this measure children below 16 years were abandon to work in industriesrather they were insisted to go to school.
7. Social Security Fund (SSF) of 1937.
This measure intended to provide insurance for aged, jobless, blindness, disabled as well as children in need.
8. The Civilian Conservative Cooperation (CCC).
In this act a lot of program were initiated / launched by the government where by people in America were to be given works in projects like planting trees, building dams etc.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE NEW DEAL
The New deal achieved a lot in reviving the United States of America (U.S.A) economy and make her economy stable as collaborated below:-
1. It curbed / achieved in curbing the spread of depression further in United States of America (U.S.A)
This led to revive the economic situation in America hence it accelerated U.S.Ato start being stable economically.
2. Created New Employment Opportunities to Americans.
Created new employment opportunities to Americans who had no employment due to great depression For example, in 1937 more than US dollar 40 billion had been spend in projects which led to provide employment to American people.
3. Created Major Political Changes in America
This was whereby the Democratic Party becomes the majority party by replacing the republication party which was in power hence President Franklin D. Roosevelt come into power with hisdemocraticparty.
4. It succeeded in reorganizing agricultural and industrial sectors which had almost collapsed during Great Economic Depression (G.E.D).
This was because after the measure taken in the new deal agriculture and industries started to produce more & more and employ many America for stabilizingthe American economy.
5. It succeeded in organizing labor in United States of America (U.S.A). This was whereby labor becomes an important force in national affairs for example, there was the formation of labor union to fight for the rights of workers but also labor was needed in almost all sectors revived after the Great depressionfor economic stability in America.
6. It succeeded in Reducing Poverty to Americans.
This was by providing them with relief such as food, shelter, electricity, and provisionof goods, education & health care.
7. It succeeded in reviving different economic sectors in United States of America (U.S.A).
A good example was public welfare, banking sector, industrial sector, tourist sector and agricultural sector grow up very rapidly and start to operate it againwhich all these brought back confidence among the people in America such asbank depositors, farmers and industrialist.
CHANGES IN U.S.A AFFAIRS SINCE 1945 / EFFECTS OF U.S.A AFTER BECOMING SUPER POWER
Soon after Second World War (WWII) United States of America (U.S.A) got prosperity / wealth which turned United States of America (U.S.A) as a strongest nation in all aspect of life in the world defending the capitalist nations.
1. United States of America (U.S.A) Economy grow more stable
This was because United Ststes of America (U.S.A) benefited a lot in the First World War (WWI) and Second World War (WWII) For example, No war was ever fought in American land, United States of America (U.S.A) joined in First World War (WWI) and Second World War (WWII) very late and all the time United
States of America (U.S.A) was a supplier of war equipment for fighting nation in Europe.
This enabled U.S.A to get wealth and started to consolidate Monopoly capital which led the rise of larger Monopoly companies which were invested in United Statesof America (U.S.A) and other parts of the world.
2. United States of America (U.S.A) Consolidated her Industries.
These enabled United States of America (U.S.A) to get more wealth / for development in America for example, there were armament industries which produced air jobs, naval ships, military weapons, car manufacturing industries etc, all these enabled United States of America (U.S.A) to consolidate her own economy.
3. The Rise of Income among the Working Class.
This was due to increase of wages which resulted after the trade union struggles on the rights of workers but also the increase of income led to the rise of national market which also accelerated to ability of American people to consume the commodities production in the country hence United States of America (U.S.A) become stable economically.
4. There was Improvement of Infrastructure Network.
This led United States of America (U.S.A) to start accessing both internal and external market, getting more labor of due to availability of labor mobility inUnited States of America (U.S.A) but also the improvement of infrastructures accelerated the communication of peoplein United Statesof America (U.S.A).
5. United States of America (U.S.A) was able to extend the Marshall Plan.
The Marshall plan led United States of America (U.S.A) to get more wealth from the debt paid from European nation but also with the Marshall plan United States of America (U.S.A) was able to persuade the Europeans to decolonize her colonies so as United States of America (U.S.A) could get areas for market, cheap labour, raw materials for United States of America (U.S.A) and areas toinvest.
6. United States of America (U.S.A) established Military Organization and Military Bases.
In other parts of the world in order to defend her capitalism or her imperialism with all interest of United States of America (U.S.A) for example, There wasformation of NATO, CENTO, ANZUS, OAS, SEATO, and military bases for example, Mombasa Somalia in Africa, Pakistan and Kuwait.
7. United States of America (U.S.A) started to defend and protect the spread of communism.
In Western Europe and other parts of the world that followed capitalism, henceU.S.A appointed as the policeman of the world to fight against communism from affecting capitalist world.
8. United States of America (U.S.A) abandoned her Isolation Policy and started to opt the involvement in Western European matter both politically, socially, military and much more economically.
Because Western European countries were under capitalist system being supported by United States of America (U.S.A).
9. The Emergence of Cold War Politics.
Between the socialist nation under United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) and the capitalist nation under United States of America (U.S.A).until early 1990’s after the collapse of United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) as a leading socialist nation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JAPAN AND U.S.A AFTER WWII
Before the attack of the Pearl Harbor there was the conflict between Japan and United States of America (U.S.A) due to United States of America (U.S.A) support to China which was a traditional enemy of Japan, for this reason Japan declared war against United States of America (U.S.A) which increased tension /enmity due to different ideologies among the imperialist powers however Japan Military troops were supported by Muslim, Hitler and General Francisca Franco of Spain to challenge the ideas of democracy and security of someAmerican closed friends.
Hence United States of America (U.S.A) interred in the Second World War (WWII) following the surprising attack of Japan on a large American Naval base at pear / harbor in Hawaii because Japan was interesting to get rubber, oil and other rawmaterials from the East Asia especially from Manchuria.
This forced United States of America (U.S.A) directly to inter into the Second World War (WWII) against Japan hence it was due to the strong competition between Japanese and United States of America (U.S.A) over the reasons over Asia like rubber, oil metal, markets and the attack of Japan at Pearl Harbor which forced America to inter in the Second World War (WWII) against Japan.
After the Second World War (WWII) and the surrender of Japan, United Statesof America (U.S.A) and Japan entered on a good relationship which was resulted after the post dam conference of 1945 hence United States of America (U.S.A) occupied Japan and took over three main Island of Japan which were Hokkaido, Shikoku and Kyushu. This allowed United States of America (U.S.A) to create a democratic government in Japan under the United States of America (U.S.A) military commander Mac. Arthur.
HOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (U.S.A).AND JAPAN IMPLEMENTED
The relationship of Japan and United States of America (U.S.A) wasimplemented in all aspects of life economically, socially, military and politically as elaborated below:-
(i) Japan was forced to adopt new constitution. This made the King who wasthe head of state and who had all the powers to be like a figure head or ceremonial leader of the new government / state.
(ii) Introductionof universal suffrage and observation of human rights. (iii)Japan was not allowed to raise an army and Shinto culture which is a
Japanese traditional region established by King based on military expansionism was abolished.
(iv)The education system of Japan wasmade similar to that of America.
(v) There was a large economic form which was under taken by American government to help Japan. This aimed to make Japan to be strong economically.
(vi)United States of America (U.S.A) offered aid to Japan in order to facilitatethe construction of Japanese economy and consolidate Japanese capitalist which accelerated therapid economy development in Japan.
(vii) United States of America (U.S.A) used the advantage of ruling Japan to check the spread of communism in fear east; in so doing United States ofAmerica (U.S.A) strengthen Japanese economy as well as a way of using Japan as a base for advancement of United States of America (U.S.A) imperialism in few East like in Taiwan, South Korea, and Vietnam.
THE EFFECT OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (U.S.A).– JAPANESE RELATION
1. United States of America (U.S.A) made Japan as one of the Leading Industrial Nation in the World.
Through industries and technologies she extended in Japan is a world leading ship building, in the world steel production and is the world leading of produce of electronic goods like cameras, watches and mobile phones.
2. Japan was made as a base for United States of America (U.S.A) Imperialism.
This was intending to check the spread of communism in Asia for example, United States of America (U.S.A) involved Naval base in Japan in 1950’s such as Korean war, this made United States of America (U.S.A) to invest much and put a lot of efforts in Japan in order to check the spread of communism in Eastern Europe but also to defend Japan from communist threat.
3. After the end of the United States of America (U.S.A) rule in Japan in 1970’s.
The two nations have remained the big enemies in the modern capitalist technological manufacturing in the world market for example, Japanese car against United States of America (U.S.A) car.
4. Japan received United States of America (U.S.A) aid to revive her affected Economy.
This is where by the sustainable and smooth development of now days economic sectors in Japan were much contributed but United States of America (U.S.A) aids.
5. Development, Growth and the Use of English Language in Japan. There had many adoption of English vocabularies in Japanese language as well as the western business goods started to use the language of Japan as well asthe Japanese goods started to use English vocabulary in order to be sold easier at home and at world market.
6. Sharing of Culture between Japan and America.
Nowadays Japan has remained as the close friend of United States of America (U.S.A).sharing the American culture and goods for the development of the two nations.
7. Japan was put under the United States of America Domination. Japan was put under the United States of America (U.S.A) domination / rule until the end of United States of America (U.S.A) rulein Japan in 1970’s.