Chemistry Topics - Form Four

 

TOPIC 1: Non Metals and Their Compound

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1. General Chemical Properties of Non Metals

   • Explain the oxidizing properties of non-metals

   • Describe the displacement of non-metals by another non-metal from a compound

2. Chlorine

   • Describe the chemical properties of chlorine

   • Explain the uses of chlorine

3. Hydrogen Chloride

   • Prepare a dry sample of hydrogen chloride gas

   • Explain the properties of hydrogen chloride gas

   • Explain the uses of hydrogen chloride

4. Sulphur

   • Describe the extraction of sulphur from natural deposits

   • Explain the properties of sulphur

   • Explain the uses of sulphur

5. Sulphur Dioxide

   • Describe the properties of sulphur dioxide

   • Explain the uses and hazards of sulphur dioxide

6. Sulphuric Acid

   • Describe the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid

   • Explain the properties of sulphuric acid

   • Explain the uses of sulphuric acid

7. Nitrogen

   • Prepare a sample of nitrogen in the laboratory

   • Explain the uses of nitrogen

8. Ammonia

   • Prepare a dry sample of ammonia gas in the laboratory

   • Describe the properties of ammonia

   • Explain the Uses of Ammonia

9. Carbon

   • Name the forms in which carbon exists

   • Describe allotropic forms of carbon

10. Carbon Dioxide

    • Prepare a dry sample of carbon dioxide gas in the laboratory

    • Analyse the properties of carbon dioxide

    • Explain the uses of carbon dioxide

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TOPIC 2: Organic Chemistry

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1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

   • Distinguish organic from inorganic chemistry

   • Explain the importance of organic chemistry in life

   • Explain the origin of organic compounds

   • Describe the fractional distillation of crude oil

2. Hydrocarbons

   • Classify the three families of hydrocarbons

   • Write the homologous series of the three families of hydrocarbons

   • Explain the concept of isomerism

   • Write structural formulae of all isomers of hydrocarbons up to five carbon atoms

   • Name the isomers of hydrocarbons up to five carbon atoms

   • Apply a general formula to identify the families of hydrocarbons

3. Properties of Hydrocarbons

   • Explain the physical properties of lower hydrocarbons; alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

   • Explain the concept of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

   • Compare the chemical properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

4. Alcohols

   • Prepare ethanol in the laboratory

   • Write the homology of alcohols up to five carbon atoms

   • Write structure of all isomers of saturated alcohols up to five carbon atoms

   • Name all isomers of alcohols up to five carbon atoms

   • Describe the properties of alcohol

   • Explain the uses of alcohol

   • Explain the harmful effects of alcohols

5. Carboxylic Acids

   • Identify natural sources of organic acids

   • Explain the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid

   • Write the structures of the homologues of carboxylic acids up to five carbon atoms

   • Name the isomers of carboxylic acids up to five carbon atoms

   • Explain the properties of carboxylic acids

   • Prepare soap from animal fats or vegetable oil

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TOPIC 3:  Soil Chemistry

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1. Soil Formation

   • Describe soil formation

   • Describe the factors influencing soil formation

2. Soil Reaction

   • Explain the concept of soil reaction

   • Measure the pH of a given soil sample

   • Manage the soil pH by using different liming materials

3. Plant Nutrients in The Soil

   • Categorize the essential plant nutrients

   • Explain the functions of each of the primary macronutrients in plant growth

   • Prepare plant nutrient cultures in the laboratory

   • Manage the loss of plant nutrients from the soil

4. Manures and Fertilizers

   • Prepare heap and pit compost manure

   • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of natural manures

   • Mention types of synthetic fertilisers used in Tanzania

   • Explain the concept of fertiliser grades and analysis

   • Identify methods of fertilizer application

   • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of artificial fertilizers as compared to natural manures

5. Soil Fertility and Productivity

   • Explain the concept of soil fertility and soil productivity

   • Differentiate soil fertility form soil productivity

   • Explain the factors which determine fertility and productivity of the soil

   • Explain the causes of loss in soil fertility

 

TOPIC 4: Pollution 

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1. Concept of Pollution

   • Explain the concept of pollution

2. Terrestrial Pollution

   • Explain the concept of terrestrial pollution

   • Identify human activities which cause terrestrial pollution

   • Identify hazards caused by terrestrial pollution

   • Suggest different methods of preventing terrestrial pollution

3. Aquatic Pollution

   • Explain the concept of aquatic pollution

   • Identify human activities which cause water pollution

   • Identify the hazards which are caused by water pollution

   • Suggest ways of preventing water pollution

4. Aerial Pollution

   • Explain the concept of aerial pollution

   • Identify human activities which cause aerial pollution

   • Identify hazards caused by aerial pollution

   • Suggest different methods of preventing air pollution

   • Identify safety measures to protect industrial workers from gaseous pollution

5. Environmental Conservation

   • Explain the meaning of environmental conservation

   • Demonstrate right attitudes, values,and behaviours towards environmental conservation

6. Global Warming

   • Explain the global warming in terms of ‘green house’ effect

   • Describe how the major “greenhouse” gases are produced

   • Describe climatic conditions caused by global warming

   • Suggest ways of preventing global warming

7. Ozone Layer Destruction

   • Explain the meaning of ozone layer and its importance of to life on earth

   • Identify chemical substances which destroy the ozone layer

   • Suggest methods of protecting the ozone layer

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TOPIC 5: Qualitative Analysis

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1. The Concept of Qualitative Analysis

   • Explain the meaning of qualitative analysis

   • State the importance of qualitative analysis in real life

2. Qualitative Analysis Procedures

   • Use special apparatus for qualitative analysis

   • Carry out preliminary test on an unknown sample

   • Prepare stock solutions from soluble and insoluble salts

   • Precipitate insoluble salts from their solutions

   • Confirm cations and anions identified

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